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Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the lungs in which the airways (bronchi) are reversibly narrowed. During attacks (exacerbations), the smooth muscle cells in the bronchi constrict, and the airways become inflamed and swollen.
Breathing becomes difficult, and asthma causes 4,000 deaths a year in the U.S. Attacks can be prevented by avoiding triggering factors and by drug treatment. Drugs are used for acute attacks, commonly inhaled ß2-agonists. In more serious cases, drugs are used for long-term prevention, starting with inhaled corticosteroids, and then long-acting ß2-agonists if necessary.
Leukotriene antagonists are less effective than corticosteroids but have no side effects. Monoclonal antibodies such as mepolizumab and omalizumab are sometimes effective. Prognosis is good with treatment.
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